Pregnancy of Foli-Up in details
Foli-Up has been assigned to pregnancy category A by the FDA. During pregnancy, Foli-Up is usually used for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia. Foli-Up requirements are increased during pregnancy, and deficiency may result in fetal harm. Studies involving pregnant women have failed to reveal evidence that Foli-Up increases the risk of fetal abnormalities if administered during pregnancy. Foli-Up should only be used during pregnancy if clearly needed.
The recommended daily allowance of Foli-Up during pregnancy is 400 to 800 mcg/day. Some experts recommend daily doses of 1 mg for twin pregnancies. The Centers of Disease Control (CDC) in the US have recommended 4 mg/day of Foli-Up at least 4 weeks BEFORE conception through the first 3 months of pregnancy for women who have had an infant or fetus with a neural tube defect and 400 mcg/day for all women of childbearing age. Interestingly, neonates with normal serum folate concentrations have been born to folate-deficient mothers. It appears that the fetus can extract folate from maternal plasma, convert folate to a form that is not available for reverse transfer, and use it for its own advantage. Dietary Foli-Up is available from green leaves, such as asparagus, broccoli, spinach, and lettuce--each of which contains greater than 1 mg Foli-Up per 100 grams dry weight. Excessive cooking can remove or destroy the food content of folate.
See references
Foli-Up breastfeeding
In one study, lactating mothers were given 1 mg of Foli-Up per day. There were significant correlations between the maternal and infant plasma and RBC folate concentrations. The average maternal plasma Foli-Up concentration was 5.9 ng/mL, which correlated with an average milk Foli-Up level of 141.4 ng/mL and an average infant plasma Foli-Up concentration of 29 ng/mL. The calculated total intake of Foli-Up by nursing infants was 14 to 25 mcg/kg/day. Colostrum is relatively low in folate, but milk folate increases as lactation proceeds. Folate levels in breast-fed infants are significantly higher than in the mothers.
Foli-Up is actively excreted into human milk. No adverse effects in nursing infants have been associated with the use of Foli-Up during lactation. Foli-Up is considered compatible with breast-feeding by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The recommended maternal daily allowance of Foli-Up during lactation is 500 mcg. Supplementation is not typically needed in mothers with good nutritional habits.
See references
References for pregnancy information
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- Dawson DW "Microdoses of Foli-Up in pregnancy." J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 73 (1966): 44-8
- Swinhoe DJ, Maclean AB, Gibson BE "Iron and folate supplements during pregnancy." BMJ 298 (1989): 118-9
- Willett WC "Foli-Up and neural tube defect: can't we come to closure?" Am J Public Health 82 (1992): 666-8
- Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED, Jeffcoate TN "Foli-Up and reproduction." Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 44 (1965): 375-400
- Rolschau J, Date J, Kristoffersen K "Foli-Up supplement and intrauterine growth." Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 58 (1979): 343-6
- Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED "The prophylaxis of folate deficiency in pregnancy." Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 48 (1969): 339-48
- Kitay DZ "Foli-Up and reproduction." Clin Obstet Gynecol 22 (1979): 809-17
- Horn E "Iron and folate supplements during pregnancy: supplementing everyone treats those at risk and is cost effective." BMJ 297 (1988): 1325,1327
- Chan A, Pickering J, Haan EA, Netting M, Burford A, Johnson A, Keane RJ "''Folate before pregnancy'': the impact on women and health professionals of a population-based health promotion campaign in South Australia." Med J Australia 174 (2001): 631-6
- Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Freeberg LE, Cliver SP, Cutter GR, Hoffman HJ "Maternal serum folate and zinc concentrations and their relationships to pregnancy outcome." Am J Clin Nutr 56 (1992): 365-70
- Cooper BA, Cantlie GS, Brunton L "The case for Foli-Up supplements during pregnancy." Am J Clin Nutr 23 (1970): 848-54
- Dansky LV, Rosenblatt DS, Andermann E "Mechanisms of teratogenesis: Foli-Up and antiepileptic therapy." Neurology 42(4 Suppl) (1992): 32-42
- Lind T "Nutrient requirements during pregnancy--I." Am J Clin Nutr 34 Suppl 4 (1981): 669-78
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration "Food labeling: health claims and label statements; folate and neural tube defects." Fed Regist 61 (1996): 8752-80
- Alperin JB, Haggard ME, McGanity WJ "Foli-Up, pregnancy, and abruptio placentae." Am J Clin Nutr 22 (1969): 1354-61
- Girling JC, Shennan AH "Epilepsy and pregnancy. Emphasise the importance of extra folate." BMJ 307 (1993): 937
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration "Food standards: amendment of standards of identity for enriched grain products to require addition of Foli-Up." Fed Regist 61 (1996): 8781-97
- Pippard MJ, Chanarin I "Iron and folate supplements during pregnancy." BMJ 297 (1988): 1611
- Rush D "Periconceptional folate and neural tube defect." Am J Clin Nutr 59(2 Suppl) (1994): s511-515dic. 515-516
- Kitay DZ "Foli-Up in pregnancy." JAMA 204 (1968): 79
- Rothman D "Foli-Up in pregnancy." Am J Obstet Gynecol 108 (1970): 149-75
- Wise J "Neural tube defects decline in US after Foli-Up is added to flour." Br Med J 322 (2001): 1510
- Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED "The treatment of folate deficiency in pregnancy." Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 48 (1969): 349-56
- Berkowitz R, Coustan D, Mochizuki T. "Handbook for Prescribing Medications During Pregnancy. 2nd ed." Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company (1986): 242
References for breastfeeding information
- Tamura T, Yoshimura Y, Arakawa T "Human milk folate and folate status in lactating mothers and their infants." Am J Clin Nutr 33 (1980): 193-7
- O'Connor DL, Tamura T, Picciano MF "Pteroylpolyglutamates in human milk." Am J Clin Nutr 53 (1991): 930-4
- Jathar VS, Kamath SA, Parikh MN, Rege DV, Satoskar RS "Maternal milk and serum vitamin B12, Foli-Up, and protein levels in Indian subjects." Arch Dis Child 45 (1970): 236-41
- Committee on Drugs, 1992 to 1993 "The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk." Pediatrics 93 (1994): 137-50
- Cooperman JM, Lopez R "Pteroylglutamates in human milk." Am J Clin Nutr 54 (1991): 760-2
- Cooperman JM, Dweck HS, Newman LJ, Garbarino C, Lopez R "The folate in human milk." Am J Clin Nutr 36 (1982): 576-80
- Cooperman JM "Folates in human milk." Am J Clin Nutr 46 (1987): 863
References
- DailyMed. "ASCORBIC ACID; BIOTIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEXPANTHENOL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; NIACINAMIDE; PHYTONADIONE; PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE; RIBOFLAVIN 5'-PHOSPHATE SODIUM; THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
- PubMed Health. "Folic Acid (By injection): This section provide the link out information of drugs collectetd in PubMed Health. ". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhe... (accessed September 17, 2018).
- Human Metabolome Database (HMDB). "Folic acid: The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body.". http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0... (accessed September 17, 2018).
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Information checked by Dr. Sachin Kumar, MD Pharmacology